Call usShow menu

Nantes, France

If you're seeking a captivating destination to unlock your next adventure, travel to Nantes, France, a hidden gem that artfully blends rich history, vibrant culture, and innovative spirit. Nestled along the Loire River, Nantes brims with mesmerizing landmarks such as the Château des Ducs de Bretagne, a majestic fortress turned museum that narrates the city's dynamic past. The city is not only steeped in history but also pulsates with modern creativity; this is profoundly evident in the whimsical, larger-than-life mechanical animals at Les Machines de l'île, a must-see attraction that enchants visitors of all ages. As you stroll through the quaint streets, the lively ambiance of the Bouffay district beckons you to explore its charming blend of medieval architecture, trendy boutiques, and mouthwatering bistros serving delectable French cuisine. Nature lovers will fall in love with Jardin des Plantes, a verdant oasis showcasing an impressive range of flora and tranquil spaces for relaxation. For those with a penchant for the arts, the Nantes Arts Museum houses an extensive collection spanning centuries of artistic achievement, from classical to contemporary art. Vivid street art dots the cityscape, adding to the eclectic mix and illustrating Nantes' commitment to fostering a creative atmosphere. Moreover, the city boasts a dynamic events calendar, including the illustrious Voyage à Nantes, an annual cultural festival that transforms the city into an open-air gallery of artistic and interactive installations. In addition to its cultural riches, Nantes offers seamless connectivity with excellent transport systems, making it a convenient travel destination. As a city of innovation, it even features cutting-edge green urban initiatives like eco-districts that are a testament to its sustainable vision. Travel to Nantes, France, offers an unparalleled experience where history, creativity, and modernity converge beautifully, making it an irresistible destination for your next journey.

The History of Nantes, France

Travel to Nantes, a city characterized by its rich historical tapestry, and experience a journey through time that is as captivating as it is informative. Nestled on the Loire River, Nantes, France boasts a unique blend of ancient and contemporary influences that appeal to history enthusiasts and curious travelers alike. From its establishment as a Gallic city named "Condevincum" to its current status as a vibrant metropolitan hub, Nantes offers a captivating exploration of its past and present.

The early history of Nantes is steeped in legend and conquest. Founded by the Namnètes, a Gallic tribe, Nantes emerged as a significant port and trading center due to its strategic location on the Loire River. The Roman Empire recognized its potential and transformed it into a flourishing city. As you travel to Nantes, you will find remnants of this illustrious era within its medieval quarters. Walking through the cobblestone streets, you feel the presence of millennia-old stories etched into the landscape. Key historic landmarks, such as the Château des Ducs de Bretagne, offer a window into the city’s evolution from a fortress protecting the western frontier to a Renaissance palace that hosted French royalty.

The maritime heritage of Nantes, France, is another compelling reason to visit. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Nantes grew into one of France's largest and wealthiest ports, playing a significant role in the Atlantic triangular trade. The echoes of this maritime past are palpable at the city's timeless docks and in the fascinating exhibits at the Museum of History. When you travel to Nantes, a walk along the Île Feydeau reveals the grandeur of the merchant houses, whose architecture showcases the city’s opulent days. Additionally, the Memorial to the Abolition of Slavery is a poignant reminder of the darker chapters in Nantes' past, inviting visitors to reflect on the city's role in global trade and the human cost associated with its prosperity.

The Industrial Revolution set the course for modern Nantes' development, transforming it into an industrial powerhouse. However, the contemporary city has seamlessly blended its industrial prowess with cultural and artistic resurgence. The Machines of the Isle of Nantes, an artistic and mechanical wonderland inspired by Jules Verne and Leonardo da Vinci, epitomizes this fusion. This inventive attraction, where mechanical creatures roam the grounds, is a testament to the city’s innovative spirit. When you travel to Nantes, the dynamic interplay between its preserved past and forward-thinking present invites you to explore its multifaceted identity.

In addition to its illustrious history, Nantes, France, is also a cultural haven. The city is home to numerous museums, galleries, and theaters that celebrate its artistic legacy. Les Machines de l’île stands out, not only as an homage to the city's industrial past but also as a living gallery of creative engineering. Meanwhile, annual events like the Voyage à Nantes, a summer art trail, entice visitors to discover the city’s artistic pulse. As you travel to Nantes, immerse yourself in a city that honors its heritage while nurturing a vibrant cultural ecosystem.

Travel to Nantes, France, and uncover a story written over centuries, where the vestiges of ancient times meet the innovations of tomorrow. A visit to this extraordinary city promises an enriching experience as you navigate through its historical milestones and contemporary marvels. Each corner of Nantes reveals a piece of its storied past, making it an enthralling destination for any history aficionado. Let the charm of this historical gem captivate your senses and inspire your travels.

The Culture of Nantes, France

Travel to Nantes, an enchanting city in western France, and immerse yourself in a vibrant culture that seamlessly blends history, art, and modern innovation. Nantes, France, boasting a rich heritage and dynamic cultural scene, offers a uniquely compelling experience for any traveler. As you stroll through its picturesque streets and explore its many attractions, you'll quickly discover why this city is a must-visit destination.

Historical Charms and Architectural Marvels

The historical resonance of Nantes is palpable as you navigate its stunning architecture and centuries-old landmarks. Travel to Nantes and step back in time with a visit to Château des Ducs de Bretagne, a medieval fortress turned museum that narrates the fascinating history of the city. The castle's formidable presence, combined with the serene moat and gardens surrounding it, creates a captivating ambiance that enchants every visitor. Another must-see is the Gothic masterpiece Cathédrale Saint-Pierre et Saint-Paul, whose soaring spires and intricate details inspire awe and reverence. The well-preserved architecture across Nantes, France, tells stories of its illustrious past, making it a paradise for history enthusiasts and casual explorers alike.

Artistic Innovation and Creative Energy

Nantes is not just about history; it is also a hub of artistic innovation and creative energy. Travel to Nantes to experience Les Machines de l'île, a fantastical blend of art and engineering inspired by the works of Jules Verne and Leonardo da Vinci. This unique attraction offers interactive mechanical creatures, including the famous Grand Éléphant, which takes visitors on a ride around the island. The vibrant cultural scene is further epitomized by the numerous galleries and theaters sprinkled throughout the city. In Nantes, France, art is not confined to traditional spaces; it spills into the streets with colorful murals and public installations, reflecting the city's lively and avant-garde spirit.

Culinary Delights and Local Flavors

No travel to Nantes is complete without indulging in its gastronomic delights. The city’s culinary scene is a testament to its rich agricultural surroundings and coastal proximity. Savor the fresh seafood at local bistros, indulge in a traditional galette at a crêperie, or explore the bustling Talensac market for an array of local produce and artisanal goods. Nantes, France, is also home to the Muscadet wine region, where you can enjoy exquisite tastings and vineyard Tours. The culinary diversity and quality in Nantes provide an irresistible appeal to food lovers and gourmands looking to experience the true flavors of French cuisine.

Festivals and Celebrations

The vibrant culture of Nantes, France, comes alive through its numerous festivals and events throughout the year. One standout is the Voyage à Nantes, an annual summer festival that transforms the city into an open-air art gallery with installations, performances, and guided Tours. Another highlight is the Les Rendez-vous de l’Erdre, a jazz festival that blends music with the beauty of the Erdre River. These events, along with many others, highlight the city's dedication to celebrating art, music, and community, offering travelers the chance to engage with the local culture in a meaningful and unforgettable way.

Travel to Nantes and you'll be welcomed by a city that offers a blend of historical depth, creative innovation, and rich cultural experiences. Whether you're exploring its architectural wonders, delighting in its culinary offerings, or participating in its vibrant festivals, Nantes, France, promises an enriching and memorable journey that will captivate your heart and imagination.

The Food of Nantes, France

Travel to Nantes, France, and immerse yourself in a culinary paradise where tradition meets innovation in a vibrant gastronomic landscape. Located on the banks of the Loire River, Nantes is a city that exudes charm and elegance, offering travelers a unique journey through flavors that blend the best of French cuisine with global influences. Whether you are a seasoned foodie or a casual diner, the culinary experience in Nantes will captivate your senses and leave you yearning for more.

Local Delights and Traditional Specialties

One of the highlights of traveling to Nantes, France, is indulging in the local culinary delights and traditional specialties. The city is renowned for its fresh seafood, particularly the succulent oysters and mussels harvested from the nearby Atlantic coast. Don't miss the classic dish "Beurre Blanc," a creamy butter sauce originating from Nantes, typically served with fish. For a true taste of the region, savor the "Gâteau Nantais," a moist almond cake laced with rum, a testament to Nantes' historical maritime trade links.

Innovative Dining Experiences

While tradition is cherished, Nantes also boasts a dynamic culinary scene teeming with innovative dining experiences. The city is home to numerous Michelin-starred restaurants where chefs push the boundaries of French cuisine, incorporating modern techniques and ingredients. From trendy bistros to avant-garde eateries, Nantes offers a diverse array of dining options that cater to all palates. Vegetarian and vegan travelers will also find a wealth of gourmet choices, with local chefs showcasing plant-based ingredients in creative and delicious ways.

Markets and Street Food Culture

A visit to Nantes would be incomplete without exploring its bustling markets and vibrant street food culture. The Talensac Market is a must-visit, a lively marketplace where you can sample fresh produce, local cheeses, charcuterie, and artisanal breads. As you wander through the stalls, the aromas of freshly baked pastries and sizzling crepes beckon, offering quick bites that epitomize the spirit of Nantes. For a laid-back dining experience, head to the food trucks and pop-up stalls scattered across the city, each serving up a unique blend of flavors.

Vineyards and Wine Tasting

Travelers to Nantes, France, should also take advantage of the city's proximity to some of the finest Vineyards in the Loire Valley. Embark on a wine-tasting tour and discover the region's rich viticulture heritage. Savor crisp, refreshing Muscadet wines, famous for their mineral notes and perfect pairing with seafood. Many vineyards offer guided Tours, allowing you to learn about the winemaking process while enjoying the picturesque landscapes. Conclude your culinary adventure with a glass of wine as you reflect on the unforgettable tastes of Nantes.

Your travel to Nantes promises an unparalleled culinary experience that marries the old and the new, the local and the global. Each bite tells a story, each flavor a chapter in the rich culinary tapestry of this enchanting city. Make Nantes, France, your next destination and let your palate embark on an extraordinary journey.

What to See and Do in Nantes, France

Travel to Nantes, France, is an enriching experience that offers a unique blend of history, culture, and modernity. Whether you're an art lover, history enthusiast, or a nature aficionado, Nantes has a plethora of attractions to keep you entertained. Here's a detailed guide on ten must-do activities for every traveler in Nantes, France.

1. Explore the Château des Ducs de Bretagne

The Château des Ducs de Bretagne stands as a testament to Nantes' rich history. This 15th-century castle, which once served as the residence of the Dukes of Brittany, is a prime destination for history buffs. Walk through the castle's beautifully preserved halls, discover its defensive towers, and stroll along the ramparts for stunning views of the city, France. The castle also houses the Nantes History Museum, which offers an extensive collection of exhibits highlighting the city's past.

2. Visit Les Machines de l'île

Les Machines de l'île is a unique attraction that blends art and engineering. Inspired by the works of Jules Verne and Leonardo da Vinci, this imaginative space features mechanical creatures, including a giant walking elephant and a carousel of sea creatures. Taking a ride on the Great Elephant is a must for travelers, offering a bird's-eye view of the city, France, that is both thrilling and visually spectacular.

3. Wander Through Jardin des Plantes

The Jardin des Plantes is a lush, green oasis in the heart of Nantes. Spread over seven hectares, the garden boasts a diverse collection of over 10,000 species of plants. Travelers can enjoy beautifully landscaped gardens, serene ponds, and enchanting sculptures. It's an ideal spot for a peaceful stroll, a family picnic, or simply to reconnect with nature.

4. Discover the Passage Pommeraye

The Passage Pommeraye is a stunning 19th-century shopping arcade that is a testament to Nantes' architectural grandeur. With its intricate design, sky-lit galleries, and elegant staircases, this arcade is more than just a shopping destination. It's an experience that transports travelers back in time while offering a variety of boutique shops and cafes to explore.

5. Admire Art at the Musée d'Arts de Nantes

The Musée d'Arts de Nantes is a must-visit for art aficionados. This museum showcases a vast collection of art spanning from the 13th century to contemporary works. Travelers can admire masterpieces by renowned artists, including Monet, Picasso, and Kandinsky. The museum's architecture, a blend of historical and modern elements, adds to the overall experience.

6. Stroll Along the Île de Nantes

The Île de Nantes has undergone a remarkable transformation from an industrial wasteland to a vibrant urban space. Travelers can explore contemporary architecture, public art installations, and artistic residences. One of the highlights is the Anne de Bretagne Bridge, offering picturesque views of the city, France. The island also hosts numerous bars, restaurants, and cultural events, making it a lively destination.

7. Visit the Nantes Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Pierre et Saint-Paul)

The Nantes Cathedral is an architectural marvel that travelers should not miss. Dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul, this Gothic cathedral took over 400 years to complete. Inside, visitors can admire its stunning stained glass windows, intricate carvings, and the tomb of François II, the last Duke of Brittany. The cathedral's crypts and treasures offer further insights into its historical and religious significance.

8. Enjoy a Tour on the Erdre River

A boat tour on the Erdre River offers a unique perspective of Nantes. Referred to as the "most beautiful river in France" by King Francis I, the Erdre is lined with châteaux and lush landscapes. Travelers can relax on a scenic boat tour, learning about the region’s history while soaking in the natural beauty.

9. Discover the Memorial to the Abolition of Slavery

Travel to Nantes, France, also offers historical introspection through the Memorial to the Abolition of Slavery. This poignant monument commemorates Nantes' role in the Atlantic slave trade and its subsequent efforts to abolish slavery. The site consists of a path along the Loire River, supplemented with historical information and reflective spaces that provoke thought and remembrance.

10. Experience La Cigale Brasserie

No trip to Nantes is complete without experiencing its culinary delights, and La Cigale Brasserie is the perfect place to start. Established in 1895, this Art Nouveau-style brasserie is known for its exquisite seafood and traditional French cuisine. The lavish interior, featuring ornate tiles and fixtures, makes for an unforgettable dining experience, offering travelers a taste of Nantes' gastronomic heritage.

Whenever you plan to travel to Nantes, France, make sure to incorporate these diverse and immersive experiences into your itinerary. They offer a perfect mix of history, art, culture, and nature, providing a comprehensive picture of what Nantes, France, has to offer. Each attraction contributes uniquely to the city's charm, making your travel to Nantes an unforgettable journey.

Why You Should Travel to Nantes, France

Travelers have increasingly fallen in love with Nantes, France, for its unique blend of history, culture, and modern innovation. Nestled along the Loire River, Nantes offers an enchanting experience that effortlessly blends past and present. Its picturesque streets are lined with magnificent architecture, including the impressive Château des Ducs de Bretagne and the meticulously restored Passage Pommeraye—a 19th-century shopping arcade that transports visitors back in time. Not to be overlooked, the vibrant district of Bouffay is rich with medieval charm, featuring cobblestone streets, half-timbered houses, and an inviting array of cafes and eateries serving exquisite French cuisine.

Another compelling reason to travel to Nantes, France, is its dynamic cultural scene. The city hosts numerous festivals and events throughout the year, such as the celebrated Voyage à Nantes art festival, which transforms the cityscape with thought-provoking installations and performances. The Machines de l'île, inspired by Jules Verne’s fantastical creations and Leonardo da Vinci's ingenious inventions, is another cornerstone of the city's artistic allure. Here, visitors are mesmerized by the extraordinary mechanical structures, including the majestic Grand Éléphant, which offers unique rides around the area. Moreover, the city’s assortment of museums—such as the Musée d'Arts de Nantes and the Natural History Museum—boasts diverse collections that cater to varied interests, from classical art to natural wonders.

Why You Must Travel to Nantes

Nantes, France, is not just a destination for history buffs and art aficionados; it’s a thriving metropolis that appeals to all kinds of travelers. Year-round, the city offers numerous outdoor activities, from leisurely boat rides on the Erdre River to bike Tours along the scenic greenways perfect for nature enthusiasts. Food lovers will delight in the local delicacies, including the famed Nantes butter, Muscadet wines, and fresh seafood meals that highlight the region's culinary prowess. Whether you’re looking to immerse yourself in a rich cultural setting, explore architectural wonders, or simply enjoy a relaxing trip with modern conveniences, there's no better place to travel than Nantes. Start planning your travel to Nantes today and experience a French adventure like no other.

Tips & Tricks for Traveling in Nantes, France

Travel to Nantes, France offers a rich tapestry of experiences, from historical landmarks to vibrant local culture. Whether you're planning a short trip or an extended vacation, here are ten indispensable tips and tricks to ensure your travel to Nantes is unforgettable.

1. Embrace the Local Transport System

Nantes boasts an extensive and efficient public transport network, including trams, buses, and bicycles. Utilizing the TAN (Transports de l'Agglomération Nantaise) system is a cost-effective way to navigate the city. Purchase a 24-hour or 7-day pass for unlimited travel within Nantes, France. If you prefer exploring on two wheels, bikesharing services like Bicloo are both convenient and eco-friendly.

2. Visit Les Machines de l'île

Les Machines de l'île is a whimsical attraction that combines artistry and engineering. It's home to the famous Grand Éléphant, a massive, moving mechanical elephant. After marveling at the elephant, explore the other fantastical machines inspired by the works of Jules Verne. It's a must-see for anyone traveling to Nantes, France.

3. Explore Château des Ducs de Bretagne

This historic castle in the heart of Nantes provides a glimpse into the region’s past. Walk around the fortifications, admire the French Gothic and Renaissance architecture, and immerse yourself in the Nantes History Museum housed within its walls. This site is essential for history buffs and offers picturesque views of Nantes.

4. Stroll Through Île de Versailles

For a relaxing escape, head to Île de Versailles. This Japanese-inspired island garden offers tranquil walking paths, beautiful landscapes, and the chance to enjoy the natural beauty of Nantes. It’s an ideal spot for a leisurely afternoon amidst the city bustle.

5. Discover the Nantes Pass

Ponder investing in the Nantes Pass to save money while gaining access to numerous attractions. The pass includes free or discounted entries to museums, galleries, and leisure activities, as well as unlimited public transport. For anyone planning to travel extensively within Nantes, France, this pass provides excellent value.

6. Taste Local Cuisine at Marché de Talensac

Experience the local flavors by visiting Marché de Talensac, Nantes’ most famous market. Open every day except for Monday, this market offers fresh produce, delectable pastries, and a variety of regional delicacies. It’s the perfect place to grab a bite, stock up on picnic supplies, or simply immerse yourself in the culinary culture of Nantes.

7. Explore the Erdre River by Boat

Consider taking a boat tour along the Erdre River, often described as one of France’s most beautiful rivers. These Tours provide a unique perspective on Nantes, allowing you to see the city’s stunning villas and lush landscapes from the water. It’s a serene and scenic way to experience Nantes, France.

8. Attend a Performance at Le Lieu Unique

Originally a biscuit factory, Le Lieu Unique is now one of Nantes' premier cultural centers. It hosts a diverse array of performances, exhibitions, and events. Visiting this venue ensures that you experience the vibrant and dynamic cultural scene that defines Nantes.

9. Wander Through Jardin des Plantes

The Jardin des Plantes is an exquisite botanical garden in Nantes that offers over 7 hectares of flora to explore. It features themed gardens, greenhouses, and playful sculptures for a family-friendly outing. It’s also a peaceful retreat for anyone interested in the botanical beauty of Nantes, France.

10. Take Part in the Voyage à Nantes

Voyage à Nantes is an annual summer event transforming the city into an open-air gallery. Art installations, street performances, and cultural attractions pop up throughout Nantes. This event is perfect for those who want to experience the creative pulse of the city when traveling to Nantes, France.

By implementing these tips and tricks into your itinerary, your travel to Nantes, France will be enriched with local insight, ensuring a memorable and seamless experience.

Other Places You Might Like

Travel enthusiasts who have fallen in love with Nantes, France, will discover many other European destinations that exude similar charm, culture, and beauty. If you loved traveling to Nantes, here are some other cities you should consider for your next adventure.

Bordeaux, France - Much like Nantes, Bordeaux offers an exquisite blend of history and modernity. Its UNESCO World Heritage-listed city center is adorned with 18th-century architecture, while the Garonne River adds to its picturesque landscape. Wine aficionados will find themselves in paradise, as Bordeaux is globally renowned for its Vineyards and wineries. When you travel to Bordeaux, don't miss the spectacular Place de la Bourse and the mesmerizing Water Mirror.

Rennes, France - Just a short Train ride from Nantes, Rennes is the capital of Brittany and offers a rich cultural tapestry that history buffs would appreciate. Its well-preserved medieval streets, half-timbered houses, and markets sell everything from local specialties to artisanal crafts. Travelling to Rennes will immerse you in a world of ancient churches, like the Rennes Cathedral and the strikingly modern Champs Libres Cultural Center.

Porto, Portugal - Known for its vibrant atmosphere and rich maritime history, Porto provides an experience reminiscent of traveling to Nantes. Situated on the Douro River, the city captivates visitors with its colorful riverside district of Ribeira, bustling with cafes and bars. Iconic landmarks such as the Dom Luís I Bridge and the Livraria Lello bookstore make Porto a must-visit. The city's wine culture, particularly its famous port wine, makes it a dream destination for oenophiles.

San Sebastián, Spain - Famous for its stunning beaches and gourmet cuisine, San Sebastián offers a distinct cultural experience that resonates with the vibrant ambiance of Nantes. Located in the Basque Country, the city boasts the Playa de la Concha, one of Europe's most beautiful urban beaches, and a plethora of Michelin-starred restaurants. While you travel through San Sebastián, you’ll find various pintxo bars, the Basque take on tapas, providing a delightful culinary adventure.

Antwerp, Belgium - Often overshadowed by Brussels, Antwerp appeals to those who appreciate a blend of medieval history and contemporary creativity, much like Nantes. Known as the Diamond Capital of the World, it boasts a remarkable combination of baroque architecture and modern design. Key attractions include the Cathedral of Our Lady and the bustling Meir shopping street. The city’s vibrant arts scene, showcased in venues like the Museum aan de Stroom, is sure to captivate your creative spirit.

Ghent, Belgium - Another gem in Belgium, Ghent provides a charming experience that fans of Nantes will undoubtedly appreciate. The medieval port town boasts a vibrant cultural scene, with highlights such as the stunning Gravensteen Castle and the picturesque Graslei waterfront. Ghent’s rich culinary landscape, coupled with its iconic festivals, make it a lively destination that stays true to its historic roots while offering modern perks.

Amsterdam, Netherlands - For those who love the blend of historic and contemporary elements found in Nantes, Amsterdam is a brilliant option. The network of canals, picturesque bridges, and lush green spaces make it an ideal place to explore on foot or by bike. Iconic museums like the Rijksmuseum and the Anne Frank House provide a deep dive into history and culture, while the modern vibe of the city's cafes and boutique shops will keep visitors enthralled.

Edinburgh, Scotland - This city combines a rich historical heritage with a vibrant modern culture, much like Nantes. The medieval Old Town and the elegant Georgian New Town are both UNESCO World Heritage sites. Landmarks like Edinburgh Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse tell tales of Scotland’s storied past, while the bustling Princes Street offers a modern shopping experience. For those who travel to Edinburgh, the annual Edinburgh Festival Fringe is a cultural extravaganza not to be missed.

Exploring these cities will offer enriching experiences that resonate with the unique charm of Nantes, France. Venture to these destinations, and you’ll find yourself captivated by their distinctive beauty and rich cultural landscapes.

Recent Travel News

Atlas Ocean Voyages Unveils 2026 Summer Itineraries

Antarctica Cruises Go All-Inclusive with HX’s 2024-25 Season

Seabourn Expeditions: High Demand for 2025 Cruises

MSC Cruises Adds Alaska Itineraries from Seattle in 2026

Royal Caribbean Expands 2026-2027 Alaska Cruise Options

Virgin Voyages Sets Sail for Alaska in 2026 with Brilliant Lady

Recent Travel Blogs

Mid-Priced Cruises: The Sweet Spot of Comfort and Value

Affordable Adventures on the High Seas

Small Cruise Ships: An Intimate and Immersive Way to Explore the World

Medium-Sized Cruise Ships: The Perfect Balance of Comfort and Adventure

Large Cruise Ships: The Ultimate Guide to Mega-Ship Travel

Discovering the Beauty of a French River Cruise: Scenic Journeys on the Seine, Rhône, and Dordogne

"The Adept Traveler is a Travel Agency located in Elgin, Illinois, that specilizes in helping everybody to travel better.  From the novice to the expert, from the able-bodied to the disabled traveler, it's our belief that everybody deserves to travel better."